Central Bank Governors have to be legally restrained from injecting liquidity using the absolute discretion available through ‘flexible’ inflation targeting cum output gap targeting and should not be given more room to print money through central bank independence.
Four central bank governors, Arjuna Mahendran, Indrajit Coomaraswamy, W D Lakshman and Nivard Cabraal printed money using ‘flexible inflation targeting’ and output gap targeting (stimulus), borrowing dollars excessively to create monetary mayhem and drive a country at peace into default.
Currency crises were created in 2015/2016, 2018 and 2020/2022.
OUTPUT GAP TARGETING OR STIMULUS
It was done through flexible inflation targeting with a flexible exchange rate and output gap targeting which in laymen’s terms means printing money in the hope of boosting growth.
However Sri Lanka has a pegged exchange rate regime, called a flexible exchange rate and whenever money is printed for flexible inflation targeting or output gap targeting, there is a currency crisis. There is no point in giving ‘central bank independence’ for the central bank to engage in open market operations, buy Treasury bills and drive a country at peace into default.
One may argue that the output gap targeting of 2020-2022 was part of the Saubhagya Dekma manifesto which promised a ‘production economy’ through a developmental state where taxes were cut and money had to be printed to stop the released taxes from coming back to the budget. The people, therefore, voted for the manifesto of the economic cranks.
However, no such justification can be given for the money printing from 2015 to 2018 which created two currency crises and ratcheted up sovereign bonds and Ceylon Petroleum Corporation borrowing as forex shortages emerged from output gap targeting. Output gap targeting was not part of the manifesto.
In fact, the Yahapalana manifesto promised a social market economy. A social market economy does not result in currency depreciation but strong currencies and possible appreciation against the US dollar if the Fed prints money.
A social market economy becomes an export and domestic economic powerhouse by giving a strong exchange rate with low inflation. It provides stability to the family economy by preserving the real value of wages of the father and mother and the pension and savings of the grandmother and the grandfather, and the tiny deposits of the children, who save one cent by one cent (sathay sathay).
FLEXIBLE SHOCKS
Nobody bargained for the International Monetary Fund to teach the Yahapalana central bank to calculate an output gap. Nobody bargained for the central bank to print money when that policy fright administration failed to reform and triggered two currency crises shattering the voter’s incomes and savings.
Nobody bargained for Real Effective Exchange Rate Targeting where the currency was deliberately destroyed to keep a REER index below 100 and give unfair short term advantages to exporters at the expense of a voting public
Nobody bargained for yield curve targeting where the central bank, prevented by public opposition from buying Treasury bills from auctions would buy them from banks through term reverse repo auction.
Nobody bargained for the bills only policy established by then- Governor A J Jayewardene to be callously discarded without so much as a by your leave on the altar of output gap targeting and yield curve targeting and central bank to buy not only Treasury bills but also bonds.
Nobody bargained for the central bank to print money in 2018 for output gap targeting, and trigger currency crises when taxes were raised by Mangala Samaraweera and Eran Wickremeratne.
Nobody bargained for the multiple currency crises which triggered forex shortages and the central bank was unable to buy dollars for rupees to settle dollar loans and instead ratcheted up sovereign bond holdings. China also had to give budget finance loans to settle its liabilities due to forex shortages triggered by flexible inflation targeting cum output gap targeting.
Nobody bargained for the CPC to ratchet up its borrowings as forex shortages were triggered by flexible inflation targeting cum output gap targeting and for the state banks to be bought to the brink of collapse.
Nobody bargained for the CPC to be barred from buying dollars for rupees, and for it to ratchet up dollar borrowings instead of buying dollars for rupees generated by Mangala Samaraweera’s price formula and for the rupee to be deposited in state bank repos after flexible inflation targeting.
Nobody bargained for Samaraweera’s price formula to be betrayed by flexible inflation targeting and central bank independence.
IMPOSSIBLE TRINITY
A flexible peg with output targeting is subject to what is known as the impossible trinity of monetary policy objectives.
In fact, there has to be a commission of inquiry on how the CPC was barred from using the money from the price formula to buy dollars and was instead made to get suppliers’ credit and run up massive dollar loans in exactly the same way as the government borrowed through ISBs and China budget support loans to run up foreign debt and eventual default.
That central bank independence solves monetary problems is a Western myth.
Monetary problems are created by Anglo-Saxon flexible policy and output targeting by central bank governors who believe in what was taught at Cambridge, Oxford, Harvard and a host of saltwater universities even now. The IMF is no better. It also draws from the same universities.
Currency crises are created by third rate monetary policy where exchange and monetary policies conflict. There are two regimes that work without conflicts. Clean floating exchange rate regimes are found in developed countries, where the monetary base is entirely created by domestic assets and its growth is controlled by an inflation target.
In a hard peg or mostly consistent pegs the monetary base is created by foreign assets only and the interest rate floats. All other regimes, called soft-pegs, managed floats, dirty floats or the latest fashionable label, flexible exchange rates that are found in poor third world countries, Africa and Latin America, are intermediate regimes that collapse and depreciate.
It is practically not possible for floating rates to experience currency crises. But because the IMF gives loans to the central bank in a bailout it must operate a peg and buy dollars in the market to repay the loan. Therefore an IMF bailed out the country will never get a first world monetary regime.
The economists in that country may also have a belief that they do not deserve a floating rate. It may be due to an inferiority complex or simple fear of floating. They also fear or do not believe an exchange rate can be fixed, even though with their own eyes they can see countries that do it, but their country has not in their own lifetimes.
The US does not want countries to fix their exchange rates in a false belief that East Asia became export powerhouses at the expense of the US with fixed exchange rates that are undervalued. Therefore, the IMF peddles flexible inflation targeting and ends up de-stabilizing them.
SINGAPORE DID NOT BELIEVE IN OUTPUT GAP TARGETING
The entire reason to have a central bank is to have a flexible policy to print money. But real inflation targeting with a clean floating rate will also curtail central bank discretion and eliminate its independence or freedom to print money. Like a currency board, a low inflation target commits it to raise rates without discretion as soon as inflation picks up.
Output gap targeting using central bank credit does the opposite.
According to historians, the IMF repeatedly advised Singapore to set up a central bank. R W Goenman, an expert retained by the government to advise on currency, had supported a central bank. https://mothership.sg/2021/10/sgd-history-central-bank/
However Goh Keng Swee, an LSE educated righthand man of Lee Kwan Yew set up a currency board with the Finance Minister as Chairman.
“It is also not surprising that when the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) was set up, the Chairman was by law the Finance Minister,” Goh said at the 30th anniversary of that agency.
“World Bank experts advised us against this since the Chairman should be an independent person with sufficient authority to resist a Finance Minister’s request for money to finance a budget deficit.
“The World Bank believed that putting the Finance Minister in charge would be like asking a cat to look after fish.
But Singapore has always worked on the principle that government expenditure on education, defence, social and economic services, etc, must be paid for out of government revenues — taxes and fees. Successive Finance Ministers have been doing just this. They do not need an independent Central Bank Governor to persuade them not to run budget deficits. The World Bank’s anxieties were misplaced.
“The way to a better life was through hard work, first in schools, then in universities or polytechnics and then on the job in the workplace. Diligence, education and skills will create wealth, not Central Bank credit.”
However under flexible inflation targeting cum output gap targeting the central bank printed money to close an output gap, triggering currency crises.
ECONOMY SMASHED
When a flexible exchange rate collapses, the economy has to be smashed to restore credibility. After money is printed rates have to be spiked to very high levels, such as now, the exchange rate has to collapse, governments have to change, and people have to suffer.
The problem is not holding the exchange rate as falsely claimed by Keynesians. The problem is printing money to keep rates down which makes the peg lose credibility. Then the economy has to be smashed to save the soft-pegged rupee. The economy is smashed not because it is sick, but because the soft-peg is sick.
By an elaborate ideology, mainly through repeating without any logic, people are made to believe that the fixed exchange rate is at fault, and not money printing and flexible policies. Then people have to be taxed heavily to pay the public sector salaries because the economy shrinks as rates are raised to save the soft-pegged rupee.
Saving the rupee also saves the bank deposits. However, it is touch and go. Sometimes banks fail when the economy is smashed to save the flexible exchange rate. If a liberal or socialist government is in power, nationalists come to power as the economy is smashed to stabilize the currency. If nationalists are there, liberals can come to power. However, if flexible inflation targeting and output gap targeting is continued with central bank independence, as in 2018, they will not last long.
REPEATING CYCLES
Under flexible exchange rate inflation falls to near zero in about 16 to 20 months after a currency crisis. Under flexible inflation targeting interest rates are cut when that happens, which coincides with credit recovery. It then triggers another currency crisis. If there is enough commercial debt, they default as well. Then the cycle repeats. Therefore the country is doomed to operate a flexible exchange rate and have repeated currency crises and permanent depreciation.
Politicians are usually willing to take tough decisions after the central bank destroys economies. JR did it, Samaraweera did it, President Rajapaksa is starting to do it.
However, whatever they do, the central bank will print money using its independence including when the politicians raise taxes, as happened in 2018.
Sri Lanka is now experiencing its first default. This column warned from around 2016, when the flexible inflation targeting/call money rate targeting started that downgrades would follow and that the country will default on foreign debt like the Weimar Republic. Under flexible inflation targeting and output gap targeting with central bank independence, it is inevitable that the cycle will repeat.
Argentina in 2018 was flexible inflation targeting and had 17 percent inflation when it collapsed.
Flexible inflation targeting and central bank independence will not help. There is no point in giving independence to central bankers who want to follow discretionary or flexible policy. There are no guarantees that a Keynesian will not become a central bank governor in an independent central bank. There has only been one non-Keynesian governor in its 1972 year history
What is needed is not central bank independence, as touted to Singapore by the World Bank and IMF to Sri Lanka, but central bank accountability and an agency that will be restrained with rules to block output gap targeting and flexible policy. (Colombo/ May01/2022)